Power and healing light in the spot of the infirmity and by seeing Jesus’ healing light penetrating and increasing in intensity in the exact location of the infirmity.-Thank the Lord as an expression of faith (Ps. 22:3-4; 50:23; 2 Chron. 20:21-23, 27): “Lord, thank you that your healing light and power is going into this. Youtube Videos About Lake: John G. Lake - His Successes and His Failures: John G. Lake - the Tangible Spirit of God: John G. Lake - by Paul Keith Davis: 1900 Newspaper Article about John G. Lake and Wife: Building on a Firm Foundation (PDF) Triune Salvation (PDF). The DHT is the culmination of over six decades of Biblical research, practical hands-on application, and tens of thousands of hours of study by John G. Lake and Curry R. 'The Teaching That Birthed the Legend is Now Raising an Army' This series is the 3-Day Seminar taught by Curry Blake on Divine Healing.
- For other people called John Lake, see John Lake (disambiguation).
Early photo of John G. Lake | |
Personal | |
---|---|
Born | March 18, 1870 |
Died | September 16, 1935 (aged 65) |
Religion | ChristianPentecostal, Methodist |
Nationality | Canadian/American |
Spouse |
|
Church | The Church of Truth, Spokane, Washington (1914-1920) |
Senior posting | |
|
![John Lake Healing Manual John Lake Healing Manual](/uploads/1/1/8/9/118922664/681390963.png)
John Graham Lake (March 18, 1870 – September 16, 1935) was a Canadian-American leader in the Pentecostal movement that began in the early 20th century, and is known as a faith healer, missionary, and with Thomas Hezmalhalch, co-founder of the Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa. Through his 1908–19 African missionary work, Lake played a decisive role in the spread of Pentecostalism in South Africa, the most successful southern African religious movement of the 20th century.[1]:98[2]:34 After completing his missionary work in Africa, Lake evangelized for 20 years, primarily along the west coast of the United States setting up 'healing rooms' and healing campaigns, and establishing churches. Lake was influenced by the healing ministry of John Alexander Dowie and the ministry of Charles Parham.[3]
Early life and career[edit]
Lake was born in St. Marys, Ontario, Canada and moved to Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan with his family in 1886.[4] He was born into a large family of 16 siblings (eight of whom died young).[5] He graduated from high school in St Mary's shortly before the move to Michigan, and claimed to have been ordained into the Methodist ministry at the age of twenty-one.[4] However, his seminary attendance has never been confirmed [6]:53 and census records cannot confirm even ten years' education.[7] Lake, then, may have had no formal theological training.
Lake moved to a suburb of Chicago, Harvey, in 1890, where he worked as a roofer and construction worker before returning to his hometown in 1896. According to Lake, he became an industrious businessman and started two newspapers, the Harvey Citizen in Harvey, Illinois and the Soo Times in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan,[4] before beginning a successful career in real estate, and later, becoming a millionaire in life insurance dealings. Historian Barry Morton found no evidence that Lake ever owned the two newspapers, citing sources which indicate the Harvey Citizen was founded by the Harvey township,[8] and the Soo Times was started by George A. Ferris and owned by Ferris & Scott Publishers.[1]:103[9]:394[10] Morton further alleges that Lake exaggerated his business career, and that 'clear evidence' shows Lake instead worked as a small-scale contractor, roofer and 'house-flipper'.[1]:103 In the 1900 Census, Lake's occupation is listed as 'carpenter'.[7]In February 1893, Lake married Jennie Stevens of Newberry, Michigan, and the two had six children and adopted another before her death in 1908. During the 1890s Lake and many members of his family began appearing regularly in Dowie's services, where they were invariably healed and allegedly brought back from death's door. In 1898 Lake opened a small chapter of Dowie's Christian Catholic Church in Sault Ste Marie and held meetings in the attic of his parents' home. In 1901 he relocated his family to Zion, Illinois, where he worked in the theocratic town's construction department.
After massive retrenchments affected ever-bankrupt Zion City,[11] Lake found new employment around 1905. He later claimed that he maintained relationships with many of the leading figures of his day including railroad tycoon James Jerome Hill, Cecil Rhodes, Mahatma Gandhi, Arthur Conan Doyle, and others.[12][13] When he began his preaching career he claimed to have walked away from a $50,000 year salary (around $1.25 million in 2007 US dollars[14]), as well as his seat on the Chicago Board of Trade. Lake's biographer, Burpeau, reported no evidence outside of Lake's own assertions that Lake was connected to these wealthy financiers and industrialists.[6] According to Morton, contemporary records show Lake never left Zion City at the time Lake was said to be making his name in Chicago; he instead worked in nearby Waukegan as an 'ordinary, small-town insurance salesman'. Lake does not appear in contemporary newspapers until 1907 where he gave an account of his experience of speaking in tongues.[1]:105In 1907 Lake was converted to Pentecostalism when Charles Parham staged a tent revival in Zion in an attempt to woo Dowie's supporters. After Parham's departure a group of several hundred 'Parhamites' remained in Zion, led by Thomas Hezmalhalch—a recent arrival from the Azusa Street Revival. As 1907 wore on, Lake grew in stature among this group, and was usually listed as co-leader. After Parham's arrest for (unsubstantiated) reports of sodomy and pedophilia in the summer of 1907, the Parhamites descended into disorganization. Believing that many had been possessed by demons, a number of brutal exorcisms began, in which at least two deaths occurred.[15][16] [invalid, non-working citation links] In the face of arrests and potential mob violence, the Parhamites were forced to flee en masse from Illinois. Lake and Hezmalhalch left for Indianapolis. Once there, they raised $2000 to finance a Pentecostal mission to South Africa.
Missionary work in Africa[edit]
With Thomas Hezmalhalch, Lake founded the Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa (AFM) in 1908 and carried on missionary work from 1908-13. Lake and Hezmalhalch would appear to be the first Pentecostal missionaries to South Africa, and introduced speaking in tongues. Many of those who joined their church had previously been Zionists allied to Dowie's organization who believed in faith healing. Morton writes,[1]:98 'Lake was instrumental in spreading this fusion of Zionism/Pentecotalismas that is unique to southern Africa... about half of southern African Christians today [2012] are adherents of it... Lake played a decisive role in the spreading of this 'second evangelization'.' Lake's movement attracted many of the early Zionists led by Pieter L. Le Roux of Wakkerstroom.[17]:15 Due to the segregationist impulses of the AFM's white membership,[18] the majority of its African members eventually seceded, forming many different Zionist Christian sects.[citation needed]
Just six months after Lake's arrival in South Africa, his first wife, Jennie, died on December 22, 1908.[3] He referred to the death of his wife as “Satan’s masterstroke”. He continued his work in Africa for another four years, raising his seven children with the help of his sister Irene.[3]
Lake's ministry in South Africa was not without controversy. Morton wrote[1]:114–15 that Lake was accused of: misappropriating the AFM's funds, particularly that funds did not flow to poor rural areas but was eventually disproved. The healings that occurred under his ministry were documented thoroughly. He also wrote that 'an analysis of the missionary that was full of blatant lies. ' [1]:98 Marius Nel takes a different position, and mentions a 'seemingly preconceived notion of Lake as a fraud and scam, supported by an unbalanced utilisation and unfair treatment of resources'[19]
Later life and religious work[edit]
Lake returned to America on February 1, 1913, and married Florence Switzer in November 1913.[3] Lake's comment[citation needed] on this second marriage was, 'Men in these days consider themselves to be happily married once. I have been especially blessed in that I have been happily married twice.' From this marriage five children were born.
After a year of itinerant preaching, Lake relocated to Spokane, WA by July 1914 and began ministering in 'The Church of Truth'. He started an organization called The Divine Healing Institute and opened what he called 'Lake's Divine Healing Rooms'. Lake ran the 'healing rooms' from 1915 until May 1920, at which time he moved to Portland, Oregon, for a similar ministry that lasted for another five years. He continued to found churches and 'healing rooms' down the California coast and eventually to Houston, TX in 1927, before finally returning to Spokane in 1931. Upon his return to Spokane he purchased an old church and began his final church and healing room.[3]
In 1935, Lake suffered a serious stroke[citation needed] and died on September 16, 1935,[3] at age 65.
Legacy[edit]
Several books have been written recording Lake's experiences and the miracles attributed to Lake.
Lake's history has served as a guide to other ministries, such as Curry R. Blake's 'John G. Lake Ministries,' based in Dallas, TX, (www.jglm.org) and Healing Rooms Ministries, led by Cal Pierce, headquartered in Spokane, Washington.
In 1987, Wilford Reidt (the son-in-law of Lake) and his wife, Gertrude (Lake's daughter) passed the leadership of their ministry to Curry R. Blake. Blake was named the General Overseer of the International Apostolic Council, an organization founded by John G. Lake in 1914. Today, the ministry establishes 'John G. Lake Healing Rooms' and trains Christians in divine healing.
In 1999, the Healing Rooms in Spokane, Washington were opened, which are not affiliated with John G. Lake Ministries. The Healing Rooms place an emphasis on not only serving the city of Spokane, but in duplicating the ministry of healing globally, with currently 2,002 Healing Rooms in 58 nations.
References[edit]
- ^ abcdefgMorton, Barry (2012). ''The Devil Who Heals': Fraud and Falsification in the Evangelical Career of John G Lake, Missionary to South Africa 1908–1913'(PDF). African Historical Review. 44 (2): 98–118. doi:10.1080/17532523.2012.739752. S2CID162869997.
- ^Miller, Denzil R. (2005). From Azusa to Africa to the Nations(PDF). Springfield, MO: Assemblies of God World Missions: Africa Office, Acts in Africa Initiative. ISBN1-8911-1034-9.
- ^ abcdef'Who Was John G. Lake'. John G. Lake Ministries. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
- ^ abcLindsay, Gordon, ed. (1997). John G. Lake–Apostle to Africa. Christ for the Nations, Inc. ISBN978-0899850115.
- ^B. Morton, 'John G Lake's Formative Years 1870-1908', May 2014.
- ^ abBurpeau, Kemp Pendleton (2004). God's Showman: A Historical Study of John G. Lake and South Africa/American Pentecostalism. Oslo: Refleks Publishing. ISBN978-82-996599-2-5.
- ^ abUS Census 1900, Michigan, Chippewa, Sault Ste Marie, Ward 02, District 0020, Ancestry.com
- ^The Town of Harvey, Illinois: Manufacturing Suburb of Chicago aged two years. Harvey, Illinois: Harvey Land Association. 1892.
- ^N. W. Ayer & Son's American Newspaper Annual: containing a Catalogue of American Newspapers, a List of All Newspapers of the United States and Canada, 1898, Volume 1. N. W. Ayer & Son. 1898.
- ^Sault Ste Marie News. March 6, 1896.Missing or empty
|title=
(help) - ^Chicago Inter-Ocean. February 7, 1904.Missing or empty
|title=
(help) - ^Copeland, Kenneth (1995). John G. Lake: His Life, His Sermons, His Boldness of Faith. Ft. Worth: Kenneth Copeland Publications. p. 89. ISBN9780881149623.
- ^Reidt, W. (1989). John G. Lake: A Man Without Compromise. Springfield, MO: Harrison House. p. 15. ISBN978-0892743162.
- ^Officer, Lawrence H. and Williamson, Samuel H. (2013). 'Purchasing Power of Money in the United States from 1774 to Present'. MeasuringWorth. Retrieved October 1, 2013.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^'Confesses death is due to devil cure'. Indianapolis Star. September 21, 1907.
Laboring under a religious frenzy and believing their manipulations would drive out the devils and bring health to Mrs. Letitia Greenhaulgh, aged 64 years and a cripple for twenty years, five members of the sect of Parhamites are under arrest at Zion City, accused of torturing...
- ^'Tortured in rite of fanatics; dies'. Chicago Daily Tribune. September 21, 1907. p. 1.
- ^Chandomba, Lyton (2007). The History of Apostolic Faith Mission and Other Pentecostal Missions in South Africa. Authorhouse. ISBN978-1425997397.
- ^de Wet, Christiaan R. (1989). The Apostolic Faith Mission in Africa, 1908-1960: A Case Study in Church Growth in a Segregated Society (Ph.D.). University of Cape Town. p. Chapters 3–4.
- ^Marius Nel: 'John G. Lake as a fraud, con man and false prophet': critical assessment of a historical evaluation of Lake's ministry‘. In: Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae, 2016, 42
Further reading[edit]
- Lake, John G. (2005). Liardon, Roberts (ed.). John G. Lake Anthology: The Complete Collection of His Life Teachings. Whitaker House. p. 992. ISBN978-0-88368-568-6.
- Lindsay, Gordon (1952). Sketches from the Life and Ministry of John G. Lake. Shreveport, LA: Voice of Healing Publishing Company. p. 116.
- Lake, John G. (1995). Copeland, Kenneth (ed.). John G. Lake: His Life, His Sermons, His Boldness of Faith. Kenneth Copeland Publications. ISBN9780881149623.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Graham Lake. |
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_G._Lake&oldid=985735466'
Dr. John G. Lake’s ministry led to the medically confirmed healing of more than 100,000 people – through prayer in the name of Jesus Christ. His life was a powerful example of faith in action. John Lake believed that EVERY Christian ought to live such a life, experiencing the fullness of Christ. He never ceased to exhort others to attain this fullness, which God is ready and willing to bestow.
In his youth, John Lake was often confronted with disease
John G. Lake was born in 1870 in Ontario, Canada, one of seventeen brothers and sisters. He was born rather sickly, as were a number of his brothers and sisters, eight of whom had died by the time he was a young boy. He joined a Methodist church at the age of 16, and decided to trust God alone for healing.
Two years into his marriage to Jennie Stevens (whom he had married in 1893), she was diagnosed with tuberculosis and heart disease. In a few years her condition worsened, and the doctors told him there was nothing more that could be done for her, with some of his family still ill, and now his wife, Lake began to wonder where God’s power was.
He experienced healing under the ministry of John A. Dowie
Earlier in his life he had experienced God’s healing power, when while in his youth he suffered from rheumatism, resulting his legs becoming misshaped, causing his entire body to become crooked. He went to John Alexander Dowie’s ‘Healing Home’ in Chicago, where an older man laid hands on Lake, and he was healed instantly.
Over the years, Lake took other members of his family to the Dowie ‘Home’, to be healed, determined that no more of his family should die, and sought the Lord at great length for their healing!
During Jennie’s final hours, Lake threw his Bible against the fireplace mantle in despair and it opened to the book of ACTS chapter 10. His eyes drifted to verse 38:
' …God anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Ghost and with power: who went about doing good, and healing all that were oppressed of the devil; for God was with him.'Lake realized through this verse that God was not responsible for Jennie’s illness or any illness. He then knew that it was the devil that was the cause of her being sick and the devil was the one destroying his life.
His wife Jennie miraculously came back to life as an answer to prayer
Technically, Jennie had died, however that day Lake sent a telegram to Dowie, stating that his spirit would not let go of Jennie and that he could hang on to God and that he believed, if Dowie would pray for her, she would be delivered. She was up and well within the hour! This was in 1898 and became national news, bringing many to visit their home to see God’s miracle and to receive healing for themselves.
Such events brought Lake to an amazing ministry of power and anointing in the Holy Ghost, whom became the focus of his life and ministry. John G. Lake preached the Gospel with a vitality and power that is rarely met today.
Being involved in real estate and insurance, John Lake became very wealthy over the next years, but it was during this time that God dealt with him in such a way that the course of his life was definitively altered. During this time, he had continued practicing a ministry of healing. Every answer to prayer and miraculous touch of God created within him a greater longing for the deeper things of the Spirit. During his business life, he made it a habit of preaching somewhere every night. After the services, he would then join with friends who, like himself, were determined to receive the baptism in the Holy Spirit as they believed the early disciples had received it (ACTS 2:1-4).
Eventually, John Lake was baptised in the Holy Ghost
His prayer was; 'God, if You will baptize me in the Holy Ghost and give me the power of God, nothing shall be permitted to stand between me and one hundredfold obedience.'
Sometime after this, he accompanied a minister to pray for an invalid lady who had had inflammatory rheumatism for ten years. While the minister talked with the lady, John Lake sat at the opposite side of the room deeply moved in his spirit. He testified that he suddenly felt as though he had just passed under a deep shower or warm tropical rain that fell not only on him, but through him. His whole being was soothed into a deep stillness and calm. An awe of the presence of God settled over him.
After moments passed, he seemed to hear the Lord say, 'I have heard your prayers, and I have seen your tears. You are now baptized in the Holy Spirit.' Then Dr. Lake testified to 'currents of power' that began to rush through his being, increasing so greatly at his entire body began to vibrate intensely.
John G. LakeAt this time, the minister friend asked him to join him in prayer for the woman. He found it difficult to walk across the room; the presence of the Lord was so intense. As he touched the sister's head with his hand, her clenched hands opened and her joints began to work. The woman who had been an invalid for so long arose from her wheelchair and was perfectly healed! As a result of his baptism in the Holy Spirit, Dr. Lake testified to seeing mankind through 'new eyes'. He had a great desire to proclaim the message of Christ and to demonstrate His power in the world.
From that point he could hardly focus on his business; preaching to the men that came to his office, rather than sell them insurance! Many left his office converted to Christ:
'After some months, I found my interest in commercial and worldly affairs was passing away. A man would come into my office. I could not think of his money. I could only think of his soul. Oh, was he saved? Could I bring him to Jesus? And many times it ended in my telling him of this wonderful saviour and having to pray instead of talking business at all. Oh beloved, when the Spirit of Jesus, the Holy Ghost, comes, it is Jesus' own passion for souls.
You must love them. You can't help it. Jesus died for them. The Holy Ghost is His Spirit. He loves them still. He loves through you. Again, the Lord said, 'Follow me,' and like Matthew I closed my office, arose and followed Him.'1
He donated his savings and started out in independent evangelistic work
It was in April 1907 when he closed his office door for the last time and disposed of his bank account by giving to various religious and educational institutions. Dr. Lake then started out in independent evangelistic work with a single dollar, being absolutely dependent upon the Lord, along the faith lines of George Mueller of England and Hudson Taylor of the ‘China Inland Mission’.
During the next several months, he preached each day to large congregations with outstanding results. Many people accepted Christ as their Lord and Saviour, others were healed of diseases, while others received the baptism in the Holy Spirit as described in ACTS 2:38-39.
While in a meeting in northern Illinois, the Lord spoke to him and directed him to go to Indianapolis to prepare for a winter campaign. He was instructed to acquire a large hall, and then he was told that in the spring he would go to Africa:
Many miracles of God's provision were experienced on his way out to South Africa
He arrived with his missionary party in South Africa, on May 15, 1908. Before he could come ashore, it was necessary for him to place $125 with the immigration department. He had no money, but he stood in the line of people who were making their payments, and believed that even at this late hour that “God would supply his every need” (PHILIPPIANS 4:19), soon a man walked up, tapped him on the shoulder, and called him out of the line. He handed him a traveller’s cheque for $200 and said, 'I feel led to give you this to help your work.”
Upon arrival in Johannesburg another miracle occurred: a lady intercepted the Lake family at the train station, enquired about the number of children, and stated: “The Lord has sent me to meet you, and wants to give you a home'. Dr. Lake recalled this prayer answer of rent-free accommodation offered by a lady he had never met before: “That same afternoon we were living in a furnished cottage in the suburbs, the property of our beloved benefactor, Mrs. C. L. Goodenough of Johannesburg who remains to this day our beloved friend and fellow worker in the Lord.”2
Thousands of lives were transformed through the power of God during those years in South Africa, and the understanding of Christ was brought far and wide, to the British, Dutch, and native peoples, 125 white congregations and 500 black congregations were established there in that short time.
After spending 5 years in South Africa and losing his first wife through having a stroke (most likely due to the strain of the missionary work) Lake returned to the USA and began travelling for about another year, he then remarried with Miss Florence Switzer of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1913.
Under his ministry in the US, Spokane became 'America's healthiest city', with 100,000 confirmed healings
In 1914 he opened the ‘Healing Rooms’ in Spokane, WA, where there were more than 100,000 medically confirmed healings in the space of only 5 years. This was to be the climax of his life’s work; as a result of his ministry during that time, Spokane came to be known as being ‘America’s healthiest city’, similar to Zion City, where John Alexander Dowie ministered a few years earlier.
John G. Lake, despite having a mighty healing ministry was not satisfied with this alone, he noted that many ministries had failed because they were built on one thing: tongues, healings, or power etc. John G. Lake sought to teach people the whole depth of God’s Word and righteous living, i.e. to be like Christ in character, thought, and deed, and that all who are called of God may be freed from the shackles with which Satan binds them with:
'I tell you God says, 'quit your sins, and then come to Me, and I will pardon you.' He doesn't say, 'you come on with your sins and I will pardon you'. He says, 'you quit your meanness, you quit fooling with the doctor, and the devil, you quit your secret habits, and come to Me, and I will deliver you', that is the only way to God, that is the way in God.
So a Christian’s consecration is not just a consecration of his spirit to God, nor of his soul to God. It's a consecration of body and soul and spirit – the entire man, everything there is of us, and it cuts us forever plumb of from looking for help from the flesh, the world, or the devil. 3
So there arises in the heart the desire and prayer for the Spirit of God to eject, crucify, and destroy every tendency of opposition to the Holy Spirit. Think not that thou shall attain the highest in God until within thine own soul a heavenly longing to be like Him who gave His life for us possesses thine heart.
Think not to come within the court of God with stain upon thine garments. Think not that heaven can smile upon a nature fowled through evil contact. Think not that Christ can dwell within temples seared by flames of hate. No! The heart of man must first be purged by holy fire and washed from every stain by cleansing blood. Know ye not that he whose nature is akin to God’s must ever feel the purging power of Christ within?' 4
In May 1920, Dr. Lake moved to Portland, Oregon, to establish a similar work to that of his church in Spokane. Within a few years, this ministry in Portland was making a similar impact in Oregon as had the church in the Pacific Northwest.
John Lake created faith in his audience and emphasised the awareness of 'Christ in You - the Hope of Glory'
Dr. Lake's ministry was unusual, to say the least. He possessed a remarkable ability to create faith in the hearts of his hearers. Gordon Lindsay was no exception; having followed Dr. Lake's ministry with deep respect and admiration, he one day had need of the great man's faith. He was stricken with a critical case of ptomaine poisoning and hung for days between life and death.
Dr. Lake offered prayer for Gordon, and although deliverance did not immediately come in a visible manner, he stated with confidence that the Lord had indeed answered the prayer. Mrs. Lake brought Reverend Lindsay some of the type-written sermons her husband had recently given, and while reading these, faith suddenly sprang into his heart. Gordon arose from what many had thought was his deathbed, instantly healed.
John G. LakeWhile he was in Portland, Dr. Lake had hopes of raising-up a chain of healing missions on the order of his works in Spokane and Portland. However, though he was not yet advanced in age, he lived with an intensity that had taken its toll. A decline from the strength and vitality that had characterised his earlier ministry became apparent.
He seemed unable to match his spiritual vision with the physical strength that was required to bring it to pass. In Houston, Texas, he had some initial success in the founding of a church, but was called away to the side of his eldest son who had suffered a serious accident that almost took his life and never to return to Houston.
For a while, he ministered in churches throughout California and returned to the city of Portland for a time. Afterwards, he then returned to Spokane, there he pastored until his death.
On ‘Labor Day’ 1935, Dr. and Mrs. Lake attended a Sunday school picnic. He came home very tired and after a hot supper, lay down to rest. A guest speaker was at the church that evening so Mrs. Lake prevailed on him to stay at home and she went to church in his place. When she arrived home, she found that he had a stroke in her absence. He lingered for about two weeks, unconscious most of the time, until September 16, 1935, when he passed away from this life to spend eternity with his master and maker that he loved so much.
John Lake’s ministry was a powerful example of faith in action. He led an extraordinary life, and believed that EVERY Christian ought to live such a life, experiencing the fullness of Christ. Lake never ceased to exhort others to attain this fullness, which God is ready and willing to bestow.
He never said that there would not be trials and difficulties, but the prize of being a son or daughter of God was John G. Lake’s aim for everyone to whom he ministered and dared to believe that the Word of God is true...all of it. When his faith took action, miracles took place. Let us judge ourselves and ask God to anoint us with this same power as we believe in His callings for our lives.
John G Lake Healing Manual Pdf Download
- 1. John G. Lake, The Complete Collection of His Life Teachings, Compiled by Roberts Liardon, Whitaker House Publishers (1999), 80.
- 2. Ibid, at 748-749.
- 3. Ibid, at 115.
- 4. Ibid, at 196.